Kugaragaza abantu bakekwaho ibyaha mu itangazamakuru ntibibujijwe, ariko bigomba gukorwa hubahirizwa ihame ryo gufatwa nk’umwere kugeza igihe urukiko rubahamije icyaha.
Kugaragaza abantu bakekwaho ibyaha mu itangazamakuru ni kimwe mu bikorwa bikunze kugarukwaho mu mpaka zijyanye n’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’inshingano z’inzego z’ubugenzacyaha. Nubwo inzego zishobora kugeza ku baturage amakuru ajyanye n’iperereza, uburyo ayo makuru atangwa bushobora kugira ingaruka ku cyubahiro n’uburenganzira bw’ukekwaho icyaha, cyane cyane iyo agaragajwe nk’uwamaze guhamwa n’icyaha.
Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, mu ngingo ya 29, riteganya ko umuntu wese afatwa nk’umwere kugeza igihe urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rumuhamije icyaha. Iri hame rizwi nka *presumption of innocence* rinashimangirwa n’ingingo ya 107 y’Itegeko rigenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, ivuga ko ukurikiranyweho icyaha akomeza gufatwa nk’umwere mu gihe cyose atarahamywa n’icyaha burundu.
Ibi bisobanuye ko kuba umuntu ari gukorwaho iperereza cyangwa akekwaho icyaha bidahita bimugira umunyabyaha. Ni yo mpamvu inzego zitanga amakuru ku bakekwaho ibyaha zisabwa kwitondera amagambo zikoresha n’uburyo abo bantu berekanwa mu ruhame.
Urubanza rwagejejwe mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga
Iki kibazo cyigeze gusuzumwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC 00001/2022/SC, rwaburanishijwemo ikirego cya Me Murangwa Eduard aregamo Leta y’u Rwanda. Mu byo yasabaga Urukiko harimo gusuzuma niba ingingo zimwe na zimwe z’Itegeko No 12/2017 rishyiraho Urwego rw’Igihugu rushinzwe Ubugenzacyaha (RIB) n’iz’Itegeko No 027/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha zihuye n’Itegeko Nshinga.
Mu ngingo zagarutsweho harimo ububasha bw’inzego z’iperereza bwo kwereka itangazamakuru abantu bakekwaho ibyaha, kubahatira kuvugana n’abanyamakuru, ndetse n’ikibazo cy’amafoto n’amashusho yabo ashyirwa mu bitangazamakuru cyangwa ku mbuga nkoranyambaga.
Icyo Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwagaragaje
Mu gusuzuma iki kibazo, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwagaragaje ko RIB ifite inshingano zo kugeza ku baturage amakuru ajyanye n’ibikorwa byayo, kandi ko idahagaritswe kwereka abanyamakuru umuntu ukekwaho icyaha.
Icyakora, ubwo bubasha bwo gutanga amakuru ntibukwiye gufatwa nk’uburenganzira bwo guhamya umuntu icyaha ataraburanishwa ngo urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rukimuhamye. Ni ukuvuga ko inzego z’ubugenzacyaha zigomba gutanga amakuru mu buryo budatuma rubanda rufata ukekwaho icyaha nk’uwamaze guhamwa n’icyaha.
Bityo, umurongo w’Urukiko ntusobanuye ko abantu bakekwaho ibyaha batagomba kugaragazwa mu itangazamakuru. Ahubwo ushimangira ko icyo gikorwa kigomba gukorwa hubahirizwa Itegeko Nshinga n’uburenganzira bw’umuntu ukekwaho icyaha. Mu kubahiriza ibyo, hakwiye kwitabwaho amagambo akoreshwa, impamvu yo gutangaza ayo makuru, uburyo ukekwaho icyaha agaragazwamo n’ingaruka bishobora kugira ku cyubahiro cye.
Iyo ukekwaho icyaha agizwe umwere nyuma yo kugaragazwa mu itangazamakuru
Ikindi kibazo gikomeye ni ingaruka umuntu ashobora guhura na zo iyo yagaragajwe mu itangazamakuru akekwaho icyaha, ariko nyuma urukiko rukamugira umwere. Nubwo umwanzuro w’urukiko ushobora kugaragaza ko atahamijwe icyaha, amakuru yari amaze gutangazwa ashobora kuba yarakwirakwiriye, agasigira uwo muntu igisebo cyangwa akangiza isura ye mu muryango no muri sosiyete.
Ni muri urwo rwego havuka ikibazo cy’uko amakuru y’uko umuntu yagizwe umwere na yo yakwiye kumenyekanishwa kugira ngo rubanda rumenye umwanzuro wafashwe n’urukiko.
Gusa, kuba umuntu yagizwe umwere ntibihita bivuga ko ahabwa indishyi. Ku rundi ruhande, kuba yarigeze kugaragazwa nk’ukekwaho icyaha na byo ntibimuvutsa uburenganzira bwo kuzisaba. Ibyo bishingira ku buryo igikorwa cyakozwemo, niba cyari gishingiye ku mategeko, uburenganzira bushobora kuba bwarahungabanyijwe n’ingaruka byagize kuri uwo muntu.
Urugero rwatanzwe ni urwa Lloyd Rayney wo muri Leta ya Western Australia, wahawe indishyi z’akababaro zingana na miliyoni 2,6 z’amadolari ya Australia mu rubanza rwari rushingiye ku kwangiza izina n’icyubahiro (defamation). Ibyo byakurikiye amagambo yavuzwe n’Umupolisi Mukuru, DSS Lee   mu kiganiro n’itangazamakuru cyo ku wa 20 Nzeri 2007, agaragaza Rayney nk’umuntu washoboraga kuba yaragize uruhare mu iyicwa ry’umugore we.
Urwo rugero rugaragaza ko amagambo atangazwa n’abayobozi cyangwa inzego z’umutekano ashobora kugira ingaruka ku cyubahiro cy’umuntu, cyane cyane iyo atangajwe iperereza cyangwa urubanza bitararangira.
Hari kandi urubanza rwa Kaya v. Belgium rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’u Burayi rushinzwe Uburenganzira bwa Muntu. Muri uru rubanza, Urukiko rwagaragaje ko amagambo umushinjacyaha atangariza itangazamakuru ashobora gutuma rubanda rumva ko uregwa ari umunyabyaha, bityo bikabangamira ihame ryo gufatwa nk’umwere.
Uburenganzira bwo kumenya amakuru n’ubwo kurindwa icyubahiro
Abaturage bafite uburenganzira bwo kumenya amakuru ajyanye n’ibyaha n’ibikorwa by’inzego z’ubutabera. Icyakora, ubwo burenganzira bugomba kuringanizwa n’ubw’umuntu ukekwaho icyaha bwo gufatwa nk’umwere no kurindwa icyubahiro cye. Urubanza rwa Me Murangwa Eduard rwagaragaje ko gutanga amakuru ku bikorwa by’iperereza bitandukanye no gutangaza ko umuntu yakoze icyaha. Icyemezo cy’uko umuntu ahamwa n’icyaha kigomba gutangwa n’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha, hashingiwe ku bimenyetso n’amategeko.
Muri rusange, inzego z’ubugenzacyaha zifite inshingano zo kugeza ku baturage amakuru ku bikorwa byazo, ariko zigomba kubikora zitabangamiye uburenganzira bw’ukekwaho icyaha. Ibi birushaho kuba ingenzi muri iki gihe amakuru akwirakwira vuba ku mbuga nkoranyambaga kandi ashobora kuguma kuri internet igihe kirekire, n’iyo nyuma yaho uwari ukekwaho icyaha yaba yagizwe umwere.
Ivomo: Umuseke