Yego disi mama we…uti “Ngeze ni uwa he”? Hanyuma ngo imbuga yo kwa nde”?
Nawe si wowe, sinakurenganya. Erega kandi ni mu gihe, impuzandengo y’ikigero-vuko (median-age) cy’abanyarwanda ubu iri ku myaka 21. Ibi bisobanura ko 50% by’ Abanyarwanda bari munsi y’imyaka 21 y’amavuko, abandi nk’abo bakaba bayirengeje.
Ngaho reka nyaguhe neza, ayo mbara ya Ngeze mu mbuga.
Imbuga mvuga si iy’umuhana wo kwa runaka, ahubwo ni izi zikoranya imbaga y’abantu ku isi yose, abato n’abakuru nta usigaye, maze zikabatwara uruhu n’uruhande, zigafata bugwate roho n’ubwenge bya benshi, gusikorolinga (scrolling) cyangwa gukurikirana bikaba umurimo utuma udahumbya, uwo mwicaranye ukamwibagirwa nk’aho adahari…ukogoga Watsapu (WhatsApp) nk’uri ku mushike, ntumenye igihe wagereye kuri Tikitoku (TikTok) … maze buhoro nk’uva mu cyumba ajya mu kindi, ukava kuri Insitagaramu (Instagram) ugana iya X ntibitinde ukaruhukira kuri Telegaramu (Telegram), wagera kuri Yutube (YouTube) ugasa na “Gasigisi” aguye mu rwina… izo mbuga zose niko zikugaburira, ibidaca mu kanwa ahubwo mu bwenge, ibirundumuka byose nk’iby’isuri.
Ngeze mvuga rero ni uwitwa Hassan, ni kimenyabose cyambaye ikibi, ni umurozi wamunze benshi, akaba umugome wahekuye igihugu.
Nateruye iyi nkuru nkubwira ngo wibaze uko byaba bimeze ubonye Ngeze Hassan kuri izo mbuga, dore ko n’igifungo ntacyo cyamubwiye, ngo aha “azashira ingurugunzu akiri Ngeze”, ubwo noneho yayogoza bingana iki? Ibi si amakabya-nkuru, urabisobanukirwa neza mu kanya gato.
Ko cya kinyamakuba cye, cyangwa ikinyamakuru ngo ni “Kangura” cyageraga kuri bacye kubera ubushobozi n’ubumenyi bwari hasi cyane, ubu hakaba haraje internet isakaza amakuru byihuse cyane, ikongeraho n’izo mbuga zose…Ngeze wabaye umuzindaro w’abagome bose bagejeje iki gihugu aharindimuka, abonye uruvugiro nk’urwo noneho hacura iki?
Ubwo abahungu b’Inkotanyi bogogaga igihugu barwanya icyago, bakiza ahagoye, Ngeze n’abandi bambari b’ingoma ndimbuzi bahunze mu b’imbere. Ibyo bikomerezwa by’inkoramaraso ntibyagumye muri Zaire, mu ndiri y’ibyorezo bya macinya na kolera…byahataye rubanda rwa giseseka rurimo benshi batwawe bugwate, izo ntozo zo mu kazu zigira mu mijyi ishashagirana ya kure y’aho.
Muri diplomasi ntibyantinze, ubwo amahanga yatangiraga kwiriza ay’ingona, Leta nshya y’I Kigali yari ikishakisha, yegeranya amaboko ngo imirambo yuzuye imisozi ihambwe, ibwira ayo mahanga iti ibyo mwakoze cyangwa mwirengagizje n’ibyanyu, ariko kuvugira ku karubanda ko turi kumwe, kandi mu mbere mucumbikiye aboretse imbaga nta mubano urimo nimwimugaminre. Mu bihugu bya mbere byatunzwe agatoki harimo Kenya ya Moi, abagenzacyaha bakabisobanura, ndetse hakabmo n’abanyamahanga bari hakuno y’aho muri Arusha, ku rukiko muzamhanga rwa Loni rwari rumaze gushyirwaho by’umwihariko kuburanisha ababaye ku isonga muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, hagati y’itariki ya 1 Mutarama na 31 Ukuboza 1994.
Abo bambari b’inkoramaraso bari bitwaje inote nyinshi, dore ko n’igihugu bari basize bagisahuye uko bashoboye, maze muri yo Kenya y’icyo gihe, yarimo akavuyo kavanzemo na ruswa ivuza ubuhuha, ifaranga ryari musemakweri n’iyo itaba kweri, urifite akagura byose kugeza ku mutekano n’abawushinzwe, ibyo bigahumira ku mirari iyo bigeze ku munyabyaha, nk’izo nkoramaraso z’abanyarwanda.
Igitutu kuri Kenya cyakomeje kuba cyinshi, kandi kigaturuka hirya no hino ku isi. Ariko abanya Kenya benshi ntacyo byari bibabwiye, kuko icyo gihugu cyari kigoye mu nguni zose z’ubuzima, muri iyo myaka y’amarembera y’ingoma ya Daniel Arap Moi, umuturage utari ‘mbonabucya’ yari ‘mpemuke-ndamuke’. Operasiyo NAKI (Nairobi-Kigali) yateguwe mu ibanga rikomeye. Ikivugwa ni uko ari igikorwa cyakozwe bivuye hejuru cyane mu butegetsi bwa Kenya ku bufatanye n’umunya Canada, Luoise Arbour, wari umushinjacyaha mukuru w’urwo rukiko rwa Loni, TPIR, urukiko rwari rumaze imyaka hafite itatu rugiyeho, ari nako rugawa cyane kuba nta n’umwe ruraburanisha mu batagetsi bakomeye ba leta yakoze Genocide.
Kugera mu gitondo cyo ku wa 18 Nyakanga 1897, benshi mu bategetsi b’inzego z’umutekano bari bambariye igikorwa gikomeye, ariko nta bindi bisobanuro bafite. Operasiyo NAKI yabaye uwo munsi, hafatirwamo abantu 8 (umunani) b’ibikomerezwa by’ingoma-nkoramaraso, barimo na Ngeze Hassan. Muri abo 8, harimo na mugenzi wa Ngeze, wakoraga kuri radiyo rutwitsi witwa Georges Ruggiu (niwe munyamahanga wenyine warezwe mu byaha bya Genocide mu rukiko rwa TPIR) ndetse na shebuja Ferdinand Nahimana. Harimo kandi n’abategetsi, guhera kuri Ministre w’intebe Jean Kambanda kimwe na Pauline Nyiramasuhuko babanye muri iyo guverinoma yiyise iy’abatabazi.
Uyu mugore rukumbi mu baje kuburanishwa na TPIR, uwo munsi yafatanywe n’umuhungu we Arsene Shalom Nathobali, wari mu nterahamwe nkuru zayogoje Butare (anafatanyije n’umugore we Beatrice Munyenyezi warusimbutse uwo munsi wa Nairobi kuko yari ahari, rukamubungamo isi yose akisanga muri Amerika afite n’ubwene-gihugu bwaho, ariko icyaha n’ikinyoma ntibitume agoheka, iherezo rikongera rwamubyaye, maze Urukiko rwisumbuye rwa Huye rukamukatira gufungwa burundu, nyuma yo kumuhamya bya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi birimo n’ubufatanya-cyaha ku isambanywa ry’abagore muri cyo gihe).
Mu bayowe na operasiyo NAKI hari n’abandi batware barimo n’ab’inyenyeri ku ntugu, nka General Gratien Kabiligi na Major Aloys Ntabakuze, ndetse na Sylvain Nsabimana wabaye Prefet wa Butare hagati muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.
Mu mayobera n’uburemere bya operasiyo NAKI, uko aba bantu bose batawe muri yombi uwo munsi umwe, kandi mu mijyi itandukanye y’igihugu kinini nka Kenya, bose nta wahatinze kuko baraye bagejejwe muri gereza ya Loni iri Arusha mu majyaruguru y’igihugu cya Tanzania. Hagati y’Arusha na Nairobi, ubundi ni urugendo rw’amasaha 4 (ane) mu modoka, ariko bivugwa ko abo bantu batwawe mu ndege.
Amayobera ntarangirira aho kuko ku wa 19/07/1997 iyo operasiyo NAKI yakomeje bucyeye bw’aho, ngo ari umunsi wo “gufata” igikomerezwa cy’umunyemari, Felisiyani Kabuga ariko bageze aho yabaga bafata ubusa.
Mu rubanza rwakunze kwitwa “urubanza rw’itangazamakuru” rwabereye Arusha muri rukiko rwa Loni, TPIR, Hassan Ngeze wa Kangura yashinze mu w’1990 – yariyigishije (Auto-didacte/Self-Taught), akanavuga ko yakoze mu itangamakuru kuva mu w’1978 (ubwo yari afite imyaka 21) n’ubwo adasobanura aho yakoraga (dore ko icyo gihe hari ibitangazamakuru 5 gusa: Radio Rwanda, Imvaho na La Relève bya Leta/ORINFOR, ukongeraho Ravue Dialogue yandikagamo bamwe mu mpuguke na Kinyamateka ya Kiliziya Gatolika); urwo rubanza yari aruhurijwemo na Ferdinand Nahimana – impuguke y’impamyabumenyi y’ikirenga mu mateka, akaba n’umwarimu wa kaminuza; rukabamo na Jean Bosco Barayagwiza waminuje mu by’amategeko akangira uburambe muri diplomasi, aba bombi bakaza mu itangazamakuru kuko bari mu buyobozi bw’ikubitiro bwa RTLM. Uretse guhurizwa mu rubanza ariko uko ari batatu -Nahimana, Barayagwiza na Ngeze – bari no mu banyamuryango-shingiro 50 ba mbere b’ishyaka mpeza-nguni rya CDR-Impuzamugambi.
Muri urwo rubanza rwamaze imyaka irenga itatu – Ukwakira 2000 – Ukuboza 2003. -, niho Hassan Ngeze yerekaniye ko ibyaha aregwa ari nk’imikino yo mu kiruhuko, kuko nta mwanya n’umwe wamucikaga watuma arushaho kuvugwa no kugargara: Yahoraga arogoya urukiko ndetse hari n’ubwo yageze aho arubwira ko atazongera kuburana, ngo cyeretse bafashe ibinyamakuru byose bya Kangura bakabihindura mu gifaransa no mu cyongereza.
Urukiko rwamubwiye ko uwo murimo wo gusemura amagana y’ibinyamakuru watwara amafaranga menshi adahari, ariko ko bitanakenewe kuko ibyo bamurega byo byahinduwe muri izo ndimi. Icyumvikana n’uko iryo semura mu ndimi z’amahanga bwari uburyo bwo gukomeza gukwiza urwango rwa Ngezek ku isi; Muri iryo zima rye rivanze n’ubukubaganyi, Ngeze yashishimuye ibaruwa y’urukundo ayoherereza umukobwa w’umunyamerika Simone Monesebian, wari umwe bashinjacyaha mu rubanza rwe; Muri uru rubanza ruhujwe rwakuze kwitwa “urubanza rw’itangazamakuru”, ubushinjacyaha mu batangabuhamya bwazanye mu rukiko harimo n’umunyamakuru w’inararibonye, Thomas Kamilindi uzwi na benshi kuri radio “Ijwi ry’Amerika”, ariko mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yari amaze imyaka 10 akora muri Radio Rwanda, akaba yarashinjaga Ferdinand Nahimana wamubereye umutegetsi icyo gihe.
Ibi ntibyabujije Hassan Ngeze umwanya kuko yari yateguye byinshi byo kubaza Kamilindi. Urukiko rwamuteye utwatsi, rumwibutsa ko Kamilindi ntaho bahuriye kandi ko ubuhamya bwe butamureba; Mu gihe cyagenewe uregwa mu rubanza rugana ku musozo, Ngeze yahanganye n’bamwunganira mu rukiko karahava, Umunyamerika John Floyd n’umunyakanada René Martel bicazwa hasi n’umukiliya wabo, ababwira ko azi kwivugira kandi kabateye hejuru yabirukana, ndetse akanshyiriraho undi mwunganiza yishakiye kandi udahembwa n’urukiko; Ngeze yemerewe kwivugira maze amara iminsi itatu yigisha amateka y’u Rwanda, ashingiye gusa ku buhutu n’ubututsi, aza kuzasoreza ku bucunguzi bwe, ngo kuko yarokoye abatutsi benshi cyane ku Gisenyi mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.
Ku itariki ya 3 Ukuboza 2003, nibwo urukiko rwa Loni rwasomye urwo rubanza, ruhamya Hassan Ngeze ibyaha binyuranye bya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994 n’ibyibasiye inyoko-muntu, maze rumuha igihano cyo gufungwa ubuzima asigaje ku isi. Ngeze wasangaga adakwiye icyo gihano yafashe inzira yo kujurira, maze urukiko ruranamuhira, rumugira umwere kuri bimwe mu byaha byari byamuhamye mbere, rumugabanyiraza igihano, rumugenera gufungwa imyaka 35 (mirongo itatu n’itanu), ubwo hari ku wa 28 Ugushyingo 2007.
Ubwo Hassan Ngeze – wavutse mu 1957 – agafatwa mu 1997, wongeyeho iyo myaka 35 yakatiwe gufungwa, bivuze ko azava muri gereza mu mwaka wa 2032 (azaba ageze ku myaka 75 y’amavuko), kuko inkiko mpuzamahanga zibara n’imyaka umuntu yafunzwe mbere yo gukatirwa…kabone n’iyo yaba yarakerereje urubanza nkana kandi kenshi. Ariko nanone, izo nkiko zikemera ko umaze gukora 2/3 by’igihano yahawe, yemerewe gusaba gufungurwa by’agateganyo.
Icyo gipimo Ngeze yarakirenze, ubwo yari amaze gufungwa 23 kuri 35 yakatiwe ubwo hari mu mwaka wa 2020, yashoboraga kurekurwa agataha. Dore ko ari nako byagendekeye mugenzi Ferdinand Nahimana ubu uri hanze widegembya, nyuma yo kurangiza 2/3 by’imyaka 32 yari yakatiwe mu bujurire, urukiko rwamurekuye ajya hanze.
Hassan Ngeze we siko byagenze, n’ubwo yatangiye kwandika asaba guhabwa iyo nyoroshyo yo gufungurwa by’agateganyo kuva mu 2018 n’ubu agihanyanyaza, urukiko rusanga atabikwiye kubera impamvu imwe y’ibanze: kubera mu mibereho ye nta kwicuza cyangwa kubabazwa n’ibyaha yakoze agaragaza.
Igihano cye cy’igifungo Ngeze yagikoreye Arusha kuva akihagera mu mwaka wa 1997 kugeza mu kwezi kw’Ukuboza 2008 ubwo yajyanwaga gukomereza icyo gihano mugihugu cya Mali. Aho yaje kuhavanwa mu kwezi kw’Ukuboza 2018, Ngeze ajya gufungirwa mu gihugu cya Benin.
Uyu Ngeze rero wahinduye urubanza mu rukiko ikinamico; uyu Ngeze wakwirakwije Kangura ngo ikangurira abahutu kurimbura abatutsi; uyu Ngeze wmeje ko ko umuhutu wese utabyumva atyo nawe agomba krimburanwa n’abo batutsi; uyu Ngeza udashira amageza agahorana umuzozo…ejo nagera ku mbuga nkoranya-mbaga azahakora ibiki? Nta kabuza azakora ibisa nk’uko nawe yahoze asa n’ubu akaba atarahindutse, akiri wa Ngeze wo muri Kangura…
N’ubu akiri muri gereza, anyuzamo akandika, ndetse inyandiko ze zisakara binyuze ku mbuga nkoranya-mbaga. N’ubwo atayobewe ko u Rwanda rwaciye ubuhunzi burundu, mu byo yandika haracyarimo imvugo yahoranye mu mya ya za 90, nk’ukuntu ngo ahora abona “hari intwari zizabakura mu buhunzi, bakagaruka mu gihugu cy’amavuko”. Abo yita intwari nta bandi uretse abo bahuje urwango cyangwa abo barutoje; Ubuhunzi arata nta ukibwemerewe, ariko uwabwihitiyemo afite impamvu zibyihishe inyuma; Ntavuga nk’uhamwe n’ibyaha bya Genocide, yandika nk’impirimbanyi iharanira kugarura urwango “mu gihugu cy’amavuko”.
Izi mbuga nkoranya-mbaga zahaye buri wese rugali, yaba abagome bohora bahembera urwango, bakabiba ikibi bishakiye, n’icyo babonye ahandi bakagitiza umurindi. Izi mbuga ariko zanahaye uruvugiro abagira ineza, aba baharanirra kuzasiga isi ari nziza kurusha uko bayisanze, nyamara aba bavuga ibyubaka nibo bumvwa gacye, kuko ahari akenshi ntibomongana. Kandi na kera na kare ni byamye, ngo ikibi cyihuta n’uko umuriro w’amashara ugurumana ukwira hose, icyiza n’ukuri bikagenda bunyamasyo.
Nyuma ya Ngeze hari abandi nkawe bakozwe kandi babaswe n’urwango n’amacakubiri. Barakozwe kuko siko bavutse ahubwo barabitojwe, batozwa bikomotse kuri Ngeze n’abandi nkawe batari bacyeya ariko bacyendera, bakifuza ko uwo mufunzo w’urwango waba akarande mu Banyarwanda. Abenshi muri bo buzuye kuri izo mbuga nkoranya-mbaga, barahavundereza ubuvunderi bwuzuye uburozi bw’urwango.
Niyo mpamvu abigisha ubumwe bakwiye guhindura umuvuno, bakiga kandi bakamenya neza indimi n’uburyo bikoreshwa muri izo nzira, simvuga indimi izi zisanzwe, ahubwo izo mbuga zigira izazo. Hagashyirwaho umurongo rusange wo gutoza ubumwe mu babyiruka no mu babyeyi muri rusange, bikanajyana no kurwanya urwango. Ibyo kandi bigakorerwa kuri izo mbuga nkoranya-mbaga kimwe no mu zindi nzira zose z’itumanaho.
Nta kabuza ikibi kizakomeza gutsindwa. Ubumwe buganze muri uru Rwanda.
Martin Semukanya
X: @semukanyam
