Ihurizo mu kuzahura ubukungu n’amadeni Leta ifitiye abacuruzi

Mu mpera z’ukwezi kwa Mata 2020, Ikigo cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro (RRA), cyari kimaze kwishyura abacuruzi batandukanye mu Rwanda amafaranga angana na Miliyari Cumi n’eshatu (13,000,000,000Frw) y’ingaru ku musoro ku nyongeragaciro (Tax Refund).

Ibi Guverinoma ivuga ari kimwe mu byemezo yafashe mu rwego rwo korohereza ubucuruzi ngo bubashe guhangana n’ihungabana bwatewe n’icyorezo cya koronavirusi. Aya mafaranga ariko ni make ugereranyije n’akabakaba Miliyari 40 zigombwa abacuruzi.

Komiseri Mukuru w’Ikigo cy’Imisoro n’amahoro (RRA), Ruganintwali Bizimana Pascal, mu kwezi k’Ukuboza 2019 yemeraga ko hari amadeni y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda asaga Miliyari 36 (36,300,000,000Frw) bafitiye abacuruzi bo mu Rwanda mu gihe “cy’imyaka nk’itatu cyangwa irengaho gato”, uhereye mu kwezi kwa Kamena 2018 usubira inyuma.

Aya ni amafaranga y’ingaru ku musoro (Tax Refund), agomba gusubizwa abacuruzi nyuma y’imenyekanisha ry’umusoro ku nyongera-gaciro bakora buri kwezi cyangwa buri gihembwe.

Niba ugeze aha usoma ukaba ukibaza uko Ikigo cy’Imisoro (RRA) kijyamo amadeni abacuruzi bikaba byumvikana nk’ibihindurije, ntabwo uri wenyine.

Mu itegurwa ry’iyi nkuru byagaragaye ko n’abacuruzi babumazemo igihe barimo ibice bitatu kuri iyi ngingo y’ingaru ku musoro (Tax Refund): Igice cya mbere ni icy’abasora, bazi ingaru ku musoro (abayihabwa n’abayitegereje). Igice cya kabiri ni icy’abacuruzi bavuga ko batazi na gato ibyerekeye ingaru ku musoro, naho igice cya gatatu ni icy’abacuruzi basobanukiwe ingaru ku musoro ariko bakavuga ko iyo bamaze gusora batajya bagaruza “kubera impamvu bwite”.

Dore uko impuguke zisobanura ingaru cyangwa kugarurirwa cyangwa se gusubizwa ku musoro (Tax Refund), iboneka kenshi: “Buri mucuruzi wanditswe mu gice cy’umusoro ku nyongera-gaciro (VAT) ahinduka n’umwakirizi wawo…maze mu gihe cy’imenyekanisha-misoro, hakabarwa ikinyuranyo hagati y’umusoro yishyuwe agurisha (input), n’umusoro yishyuye agura (output)…Iyo mu kubara bigaragaye ko hari ikirenga cy’ayatanzwe ku yinjiye, nibwo umusoresha atanga ingaru”.

Uru ni urugero rumwe gusa rw’uburyo umucuruzi, uba muri TVA cyangwa VAT, ahabwa cyangwa agombwa kugarurirwa n’Ikigo cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro (RRA), ariko hari n’ubundi buryo bwinshi. Gusa ikizwi ni uko ari kenshi abacuruzi ibihumbi 25.300 bari muri VAT, bahabwa ingaru ku musoro ku nyongeragaciro, kandi ikaba ari amafaranga menshi cyane kuko nko mu mwaka 2018/19 bahawe hafi Miliyari 63 z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda (62,800,000,000Frw).

Hari ibisobanuro byisumbuyeho, nko mu rurimi rw’amategeko, aho Ingingo ya 4 y’Itegeko ryo mu mwaka wa 2015 rihindura kandi rikuzuza Itegeko ryo mu mwaka wa 2012 rishyiraho Umusoro ku Nyongeragaciro, isobanura ko:

“Iyo, mu gihe cy’isoreshwa cyihariye cyagenwe, umusoro ku kiranguzo wemewe urenze umusoro wakiriwe, Komiseri Mukuru asubiza umuntu wagemuye umubare yamusigayemo nk’umwenda kubera icyo kirenga, amaze kubona inyandiko igaragaza imenyesha yakoze mu minsi mirongo itatu (30):

1° nyuma y’umunsi igihe cyagenwe cyo gukora imenyesha kirangiriye;

2° nyuma yo kubona gihamya ko imenyesha rya nyuma ryari risigaye ryakozwe.  Cyakora, umusoro ku nyongeragaciro watanzwe n’abashoramari biyandikishije usubizwa mu gihe kitarenze iminsi cumi n’itanu (15) nyuma y’uko Ikigo cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro cyakiriye inyandiko ibisaba.

Mbere y’iyishyura, Komiseri Mukuru ashobora gutegeka ko hakorwa igenzura ku busabe bwo gusubizwa cyangwa kugabanyirizwa bwamugejejweho. Iyo bigenze bityo, igihe igisubizo kigomba kuba cyahawe uwasabye ntikirenga amezi atatu (3) guhera ku itariki ubusabe bwatangiweho”.

N’ubwo iri tegeko ryumvikana, kuryubahiriza uko riri, ku ruhande rw’abashinzwe imisoro y’igihugu ntibishoboka, ngo kereka babonye inkunga yo gukiranuka n’amadeni, bakavuga ko bahanze amaso Minisiteri y’Imari.

Mu gihe itegeko rivuga ko “Mbere y’iyishyura, Komiseri Mukuru ashobora gutegeka ko hakorwa igenzura…”, abacuruzi bavuga ko iri genzura ryagizwe ihame mu rwego rwo guca intege abasaba ingaru ku musoro.

Kutishyura aya madeni bifite uburemere burimo ibice ibitatu by’ingenzi. Ibyo bice byose, ni ukuvuga igihe-ideni-inyungu, bihuriza ku guhombya abacuruzi cyane cyangwa burundu.

Igihe mu bucuruzi

“Time is money” bivuze ngo “Igihe ni amafaranga” ni imvugo imenyerewe ku isi hose cyane cyane mu bucuruzi, bigasobanura ko uburyo ukoresha igihe bigirana isano n’inyungu y’ubucuruzi…cyangwa igihombo. Ni nacyo gitekerezo cyari mu mitwe y’abashyizeho itegeko ubwo bagenaga ko umucuruzi azahabwa ingaru ku musoro ku nyongeragaciro mu gihe kitarenze iminsi mirongo itatu (30). Maze hagira impamvu zindi “z’umukoreshakoro”, ntibijye hejuru y’amezi atatu (3).

Mu kiganiro kirambuye kandi cyihariye kuri iyi ngingo y’ingaru ku musoro ku nyongeragaciro, ku wa kabiri tariki 10 Ukuboza 2019, Komiseri Mukuru w’Ikigo cy’Imisoro (RRA), Ruganintwali Bizimana Pascal, mu biro bye ku Kimihurura, yavuze ko aya madeni afite igihe “cy’imyaka itatu cyangwa irengaho…”, uhereye mu kwezi kwa Kamena 2018 usubira inyuma.

Ibi bivuga ko muri icyo gihe bari bamaze kubona uburemere bw’ayo madeni maze banzura ko kuva muri uko kwezi nta birarane bizongera kubaho, ndetse banemererwa na Leta kujya bagumana 12 ku ijana (12%) y’umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (VAT) winjiye, bakayakoresha mu gusubiza abacuruzi (refund).

Kuva muri Kamena 2018 kugeza mu kwezi k’Ugushyingo 2019, Ikigo cy’Imisoro gihora kibwira abaturage ko nta birarane na bike mu gusubiza abacuruzi. Minisitiri w’Imari, Dr. Uzziel Ndagijimana, na we agashimangira ko kuva Leta yakwemeza gutanga 12 ku ijana by’umusoro ku nyongeragaciro muri Kamena 2018, kuri ubu “umucuruzi wese ugombwa ingaru ku musoro ayihabwa ku gihe”.

Ariko twabwiye ubuyobozi bw’iki kigo ko dufite ibimenyetso by’abacuruzi bafitiwe ibirarane byo mu mwaka wa 2018 n’uwa 2019 by’ingaru ku musoro ku nyungu, maze Komiseri Mukuru w’imisoro avuga ubwo “ashobora kuba ari utubazo duto twakemurirwa muri adiminisitarasiyo, ariko ubundi kuri ubu rwose turishyura ku gihe”.

Ideni ry’amafranga

Ideni ry’amafaranga Miliyari 36 y’abacuruzi amaze igihe (imyaka isaga itatu) mu Kigo cy’Imisoro ni rinini cyane.

Reka tugerageze kumva uburemere bw’iri deni twifashije urugero rw’imibare yo mu bucuzi.

Dufashe ko kugira ngo babashe gukomeza imirimo yabo, aba bacuruzi bagiye muri banki, bagafatayo inguzanyo ingana na rya deni ‘babikiwe na RRA’ rya Miliyari mirongo itatu n’esheshatu (36,000,000,000Frw) bakaryishyura nyuma y’umwaka ku nyungu ya 18 ku ijana (18%).

Ibi bivuze ko ba bacuruzi bazungukira Banki amafaranga y’u Rwanda anagana na Miliyari 6 na Miliyoni 480 mu gihe cy’umwaka.

Aya mafaranga hafi Miliyari esheshatu n’igice angana n’Agaciro k’inzu nshya y’ibiro by’akarere ka Gasabo ku Gishushu/Kimihurura; akangana n’Inyungu itaziguye ya I&M Bank mu mwaka wa 2017. By’umwihariko, akarere rukumbi katagiraga kaburimbo mu gihugu, Gisagara, ubu harasozwa umuhanda mushya wa kaburimbo, ugahuza na Huye, w’ibirometero 14 (14 Kms) utwaye amafaranga Miliyari Esheshatu n’igice (6,500,000,000Frw).

Inyungu y’ubukererwe

Ni ibintu bimenyerewe ku gukererwa kwishyura imisoro bikurikirwa n’ibihano, ahani bigizwe n’inyungu y’amafaranga, umucuruzi agomba gutanga nta kuzuyaza.

Ikigo cy’Imisoro n’amahoro (RRA) cyo ntikibikozwa, iyo bigeze aho kwishyura amadeni gifitiye abacuruzi. Aha na none itegeko ntirica ku ruhande, nta n’ubwo ryanditse ku buryo bwatera urujijo.

Ingingo ya 54 y’Itegeko N° 026/2019 ivuga ko “Inyungu zishyurwa n’Ubuyobozi bw’imisoro. Iyo umusoreshwa akuriweho umusoro, inyungu z’ubukererwe cyangwa ibihano n’icyemezo cy’ubutegetsi cyangwa icy’urukiko, cyangwa iyo adashubijwe mu gihe giteganywa n’iri tegeko umusoro w’ikirenga yishyuye, Ubuyobozi bw’imisoro bugomba kwishyura inyungu ku mafaranga umusoreshwa agomba gusubizwa”.

Itegeko rinasobanura ko iyi nyungu ibarwa bishingiye ku mibare ya Banki nkuru y’igihugu (BNR) igena uburyo bw’imyungukire hagati y’amabanki (interbank rate), ubwo ikaba yabarirwa hafi ya 9 ku ijana (9%).

Mu gihe Ikigo cy’imisoro n’amahoro (RRA) giheranye amadeni y’abacuruzi asaga Miliyari mirongo itatu n’esheshatu z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda (36,000,000,000Frw), ashobora kuba atanga muri banki inyungu ku mwaka ya Miliyari 6.5, ntabwo inyungu zisohoka bazizi. N’ubwo hari abahabwa ingaru y’umusoro ku nyongeragaciro, ngo aba ari amafaranga bagombwa gusa, nta nyungu yiyongeraho.

Ku kibazo cy’impamvu iyi nyungu idatangwa kandi iteganywa n’itegeko, Komiseri Mukuru wa RRA agira ati: “Nta ngorane biradutera. Uwo bibangamiye yazaza akabitubwira”.

Ibi bifatwa nk’agahimano kuko ababisobanukiwe bavuga ko nta mpamvu y’imvugo nk’iyi mu gihe bizwi ko “iyo amafaranga ya refund amaze kumvikanwaho na RRA n’umucuruzi ntiyishyurwe ku gihe, umucuruzi agomba kubona inyungu z’ubukererwe”; nk’uko bishimangirwa n’Umujyanama wigenga mu by’imisoro, Bumbakare Pierre Celestin, akaba yaranahoze ari Komiseri ushinzwe imisoro yo mu gihugu.

Nyamara nubwo bitaba bya bindi ngo kirya abandi bajya kukirya kikishaririza, Itegeko (N° 026/2019) rigena uburyo bw’isoresha, rivuga ko umusoreshwa ukererewe kwishyura iminsi mirongo itandatu, yishyuzwa uwo musoro hakiyongeraho 30 ku ijana (30%) y’ibihano n’inyungu z’ubukererwe.

Abantu benshi bahuriza ku kwemeranya ko iki kibazo cy’amadeni ya Miliyari zisaga 36 kiremereye. Gusa iyo bigeze mu kugishakira igisubizo, haza inzira n’uburyo bitandukanye.

Umwarimu mu by’ubukungu, Edmond Rwabugabo, we asanga “hakwiye kubanza kugaragazwa impamvu RRA ifite amadeni ya Miliyari hafi 40 y’abacuruzi mu gihe cy’imyaka irenga itatu. Iki kigo gishinzwe imisoro n’amahoro kigomba no gusobanurira Leta n’abaturage ku mu mugaragaro, uburyo n’igihe aya madeni agomba kuba yishyuwe byihuse ndetse n’inyungu z’ubukererwe”.

Komiseri Mukuru Ruganintwali, nawe avuga ko ingaru ku musoro ishobora kudatangwa nk’amafaranga ahubwo ikavunjwamo indi misoro wa mucuruzi yaba agomba kwishyura.

N’ubwo ubu buryo bushobora kugabanya uburemere bw’amadeni ya RRA, impuguke zivuga ko amafaranga ari cyo gisubizo cy’ibanze kubera ko: abacuruzi ba nyirayo nabo hari amadeni bagomba kwishyura ahandi. Abacuruzi bayakeneye mu mirimo yabo isanzwe, hakaba ndetse n’abafitiwe amadeni y’ingaru ku musoro batakiri mu bucuruzi, bamwe muri bo nyine barabitewe n’ayo madeni.

Bumbakare avuga ko: “Refund iyo idakozwe neza umusoro wa TVA ushobora kudatanga umusaruro mwiza”.

Umuyobozi wa Komisiyo y’Ingengo y’imari n’Umutungo mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko, Depite Omar Munyaneza, we yatubwiye ko amakuru bari bafite ari uko ibyo birarane by’amadeni byari mu nzira birangizwa, bityo bakaba bagiye gukurikirana ngo bamenye impamvu bitarangizwa vuba n’icyakorwa.

Mu rugaga rw’abikorera (PSF) ushinzwe ubuvugizi (advocacy), Kanamugire Callixte, ashima ko “hari ubushake bugaragara mukigo cy’imisoro (RRA) mu gukemura iki kibazo, n’ibiganiro birakomeza kugira ngo dushake igisubizo kirambye”.

Ingaru y’umusoro ku bashyitsi

Gusubizwa, kugarurirwa cyangwa ingaru ku musoro ku nyongeragaciro (VAT refund), bivugwa cyane muri iyi nkuru ni ibihabwa abacuruzi imbere mu gihugu.

Ariko abagenda mu mahanga kenshi, bazi ko iyo bageze aho basohokera mu gihugu cy’amahanga bataha, cyane cyane ku bibuga by’indege, bahasanga abakozi bashinzwe gusubiza abagenzi amafaranga y’umusoro ku nyongeragaciro batanze bagura ibintu.

Mu mibare bivuze ko abashyitsi basaga ibihumbi mirongo ine (RDB igaragaza ko abanyamahanga basaga 40,000 baje mu nama gusa mu mwaka wa 2018), niba buri wese yaratahanye ibintu by’ibihumbi magana abiri (200,000Frw) ubwo buri wese yagombaga gusubizwa ibihumbi mirongo itatu na bitandatu (36,000Frw) ageze i Kanombe ku kibuga cy’indege.

Bigasobanura ko hari amafaranga miliyari hafi n’igice (1,440,000,000Frw), Ikigo cy’imisoro n’amahoro cyagombye kuba cyarasubije abashyitsi.

Abashyitsi basura u Rwanda usanga ku mbuga nkoranyambaga mu makuru bahanahana y’igihugu banavuga ko muri iki gihugu badasubiza abashyitsi ingaru ku musoro.

Ari Minisitiri Ndagijimana ndetse na Depite Munyaneza bahuriza ku kuba iyi ngingo yo kwemeza no gutanga ingaru ku musoro igenewe abashyitsi basura u Rwanda ari “ngombwa kandi ikwiye gushyirwa mu itegeko mu gihe cya vuba”.

Umusoro ku nyongeragaciro n’ingaru yawo

Umusoro ku nyongeragaciro ni wo musoro ukomeye mu kwinjiza menshi mu Rwanda, akaba “hagati ya 32 na 34 ku ijana” mu myaka nk’itanu ishize nk’uko bisobanurwa na Ruganintwali, unongeraho ko kuri ubu “Leta itwemerera kugumana 12 ku ijana by’uwo musoro, ngo tuyakoreshe mu gusubiza abacuruzi, kandi kuri ubu arahagije”.

Kuri Miliyari igihumbi na magana ane na makumyabiri n’imwe (1421,7Frw) yinjiye mu isanduku y’imisoro umwaka ushize wa 2018/19, ubwo umusoro ku nyongeragaciro wari kuri 34 ku ijana ungana na Miliyari zisaga 483,3; naho 12 ku ijana agomba kuba ingaru kuri uwo musoro akangana Miliyari zisaa 58.

Ubwo Komiseri Ruganintwali avuga ko batanze ingaru y’umusoro ku nyongeragaciro y’amafranga Miliyari 62, hagomba kuba hari nka Miliyari 4 RRA yakuye ahandi.

Ariko kuri kariya kayabo kinjiye mu isanduku y’imisoro, harimo no kwishimira ko habonetse miliyari zisaga makumyabiri n’icyenda (Rwf 29 Bn) ku ntego y’imisoro y’umwaka. Ni nko guhaguruka mbese ushaka kugenda ibirometero ijana, ukabona ubashije kugenda ibirometero magana abiri mu gihe wari wihaye.

Abasoreshwa bati reka biriya ni nko gukina abantu ku mubyimba “nihe wabonye umucuruzi wizihiza ibirori imbere ya nyir’inzu ngo yungutse miliyoni, mu gihe afite ideni ry’ubukode rya miliyoni enye? Kuki se atarigabanya akareka ibirori?” ibi ni ibvugwa n’umwe mu basoreshwa utarashatse ko amazina ye atangazwa.

Ruganintwari anavuga ko “Kuva mu 2015 VAT izamuka kuri 8 ku ijana ariko kubera ikoranabuhanga umwaka ushize VAT yazamutseho 16 ku ijana.

Mu rwego rwo kwinjiza amafaranga menshi yinjizwa ku musoro ku nyongeragaciro turateganya ko umuguzi yajya ahabwa ubwasisi ku nyemezabuguzi y’ikoranabuhanga yahawe ifite uwo musoro, bigatuma abantu basaba fagitire ari benshi, ndetse bitume n’abacuruzi bakoresha fagitire z’ikoranabuhanga biyongera”.

Nyamara kongera umubare w’abacuruzi bari mu musoro ku nyongeragaciro bishobora gukomwa mu nkokora kuko “amadeni ya refund atuma abacuruzi batakariza icyizere RRA bityo bakaba bakora amanyanga kuri uwo musoro” nk’uko twabibwiwe na Bumbakare Pierre Celestin wanibukije ko “bigira ingaruka mbi ku bacuruzi kuko ayo mafaranga RRA iyabahaye bayakoresha muguteza imbere no kwagura ibikorwa byabo by’ubucuruzi”.

Umushakashatsi wo mu rugaga rw’ubutabera ku misoro (Tax Justice Network), Maïmouna Diakité we yadusobanuriye ko umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (VAT) ari “umusoro ‘utabogamye’ kuko nta ngaruka ugira ku musaruro” ngo kubera ko nyine wishyurwa n’umuguzi wa nyuma, ati “rero kwimana cyangwa gutindana ingaru (refund) yawo bitera icyasha gikomeye ku ‘kutabogama’ kwa wa musoro… bikagira ingaruka ku byemezo by’abashoramari bo mu mahanga, ku guhiganwa kw’abacuruzi bo mu gihugu ndetse no ku bacuruzi bohereza mu mahanga”.

Bumbakare anavuga ko, mu gihe nk’iki havugwa imyaka irenga itatu n’amadeni y’abacuruzi y’amafaranga asaga Miliyari 36, ubwo “imibare itangwa nk’imisoro yinjijwe na RRA haba habuzemo ukuri kuko haba habariwemo na refund igomba gusubizwa abacuruzi”.

Muri iki gihe cy’amahina gisaba Leta gutera ingabo mi bitugu urwego rw’ubucuruzi mu guhangana n’ihungabana ry’ubukungu ryatewe na COVID-19, birumvikana ko kwishyura iya madeni Ikigo cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro (RRA) gifitiye abacuruzi biri mu byihutirwa.

Martin Semukanya, Twitter: @semukanyam