Mu muryango nyarwanda ndetse no hirya no hino ku isi, haracyagaragara imyumvire ivuga ko impuhwe ari iz’abagore, mu gihe gukomera, kwihagararaho no gutegeka bifatwa nk’iby’abagabo. Ariko se koko hari ishingiro rya siyansi ryemeza ko abagore bavukana impuhwe nyinshi kurusha abagabo?
Ubushakashatsi buheruka gukorwa bwerekana ko igitsina cy’umuntu kidashobora gusobanura wenyine itandukaniro ry’impuhwe hagati y’abantu. Bwagaragaje kandi ko Impuhwe (empathy) zigizwe n’ibice bibiri by’ingenzi: ubushobozi bwo gusobanukirwa ibitekerezo n’amarangamutima by’undi muntu no kwishyira mu mwanya we, (Cognitive empathy), igisubizo cy’amarangamutima tugira ku byo undi arimo kunyuramo (Affective, emotional empathy).
Mu bipimo byinshi byifashishwa n’abashakashatsi nk’ibibazo byuzuza cyangwa ibizamini bikorwa, abagore bakunze kubona amanota ari hejuru gato ugereranyije n’ay’abagabo. Ariko iryo tandukaniro riba rito ugereranyije n’itandukaniro riri hagati y’abantu bo mu gitsina kimwe.
Umuhanga mu by’imitekerereze wo muri kaminuza ya Cambridge, Simon Baron-Cohen, yigeze kugaragaza igitekerezo cy’uko ubwonko bw’umugore bwakorewe kugira impuhwe, mu gihe ubw’umugabo bwakorewe ku gusobanukirwa no kubaka sisitemu y’ibintu.
Mu bushakashatsi yakoze mu 2006 na 2007 ku bana bari hagati y’imyaka 6 na 9, basanze urugero rwa testosterone umwana ahura na rwo akiri mu nda rushobora kugira uruhare mu myitwarire ye nyuma y’uko avutse cyane cyane ku bushobozi bwo gusobanukirwa amategeko n’imiterere (systemising). Nanone, urwo rugero rwari rufitanye isano no kugabanuka kw’amanota mu bipimo byo kugira impuhwe.
Icyakora, uyu mushakashatsi nawe ubwe yavuze ko yemera ko impuhwe ari uruvange rw’ibinyabuzima n’ibidukikije atari imisemburo gusa.
Mu bushakashatsi bunini bwakozwe mu 2018 ku bantu barenga 46,000, basanze uturemangingo fatizo (DNA) tugira uruhare ku mpuhwe ariko ku kigero kingana na 10% gusa by’itandukaniro riri hagati y’abantu.
Umushakashatsi Varun Warrier yavuze ko kimwe cya cumi gusa cy’itandukaniro ry’impuhwe gishingira ku turemangingo fatizo, bivuze ko ibindi 90% bifitanye isano n’ibidukikije n’imibereho.
Byongeye, nta karemangingo na kamwe kagaragaye gafitanye isano n’igitsina cy’umuntu.
Ku ruhande rwa Gina Rippon umuhanga mu mikorere y’ubwonko yamagana igitekerezo cy’uko abagore bavukana impuhwe nyinshi. Avuga ko ubwonko bw’abana bato bufatira cyane kubyo bubona hafi, kandi ko imyumvire ya sosiyete ishobora kubaka cyangwa kugabanya ubushobozi bw’impuhwe uko umuntu akura.
Isesengura rusange (meta-analysis) ryasohotse mu 2025 ryasuzumye ubushakashatsi 31 ku bana bato, ryaragaragaje ko nta tandukaniro ryari hagati y’abakobwa n’abahungu mu:
Kureba mu maso h’abandi, Kurira iyo bumvise undi arira, Kugaragaza igisubizo ku marangamutima y’abandi.
Ibi bishimangira ko itandukaniro rigaragara mu bakuze rishobora kuba rishingiye ku buryo barezww kurusha uko bavutse.
Abakobwa bakunze kwigishwa kugaragaza amarangamutima, gufasha no kwita ku bandi. Ni mugihe abahungu bo bashishikarizwa gukomera no kutagaragaza intege nke. Ibi bishobora kugira ingaruka ku buryo abantu bisuzuma ibipimo by’impuhwe.
Mu bushakashatsi bwo mu 2023 ku mikorere y’ubwonko, basanze ubwonko bw’abagabo n’abagore busubiza mu buryo busa iyo beretswe amashusho agaragaza ububabare. Ariko mu bibazo byo kwisuzuma (self-report), abagabo bagaragaje amanota macye.
Ibi byerekana ko imyumvire ya sosiyete (stereotypes) ishobora kugira uruhare mu bisubizo abantu batanga.
Impuhwe n’imbaraga mu muryango,
Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko imbaraga n’ububasha bishobora kugabanya ubushobozi bwo kwishyira mu mwanya w’abandi. Mu mateka, abagabo bagiye bagira ububasha burenze mu nzego za politiki n’ubucuruzi, ibintu bishobora gusobanura impamvu mu bipimo bimwe bagaragaza amanota macye.
Ku rundi ruhande, abantu bari ku rwego rwo hasi mu mibereho bakunze kugaragaza ubushobozi bwo kumenya amarangamutima y’abandi kurusha abafite amikoro.
Umushakashatsi wo muri Canada, Nathan Spreng, agaragaza ko impuhwe atari impano idahinduka, ahubwo ari ubushobozi bushobora kwigishwa no gukura mu buzima bwose.
Nanone kandi ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko iyo abantu bahawe impamvu (cyangwa inyungu nko guhembwa amafaranga) zo gusobanukirwa amarangamutima y’abandi, bose abagabo n’abagore babasha kubikora neza kurushaho.
Ibi bishimangira ko impuhwe zishobora kwigishwa no gutezwa imbere mu muryango, mu mashuri no mu kazi.
Nubwo mu bipimo byinshi abagore babona amanota ari hejuru gato mu mpuhwe, siyansi ntishyigikira igitekerezo cy’uko bavukana impuhwe nyinshi kurusha abagabo.
Ubwonko bw’abagabo n’abagore busubiza mu buryo busa ku marangamutima. Ibyo tubona burimunsi n’imyumvire ya sosiyete bifite uruhare runini muguhindura iko umeze. Ibi bisobanuye ko impuhwe atari iz’igitsina runaka, ahubwo ari ubushobozi bwa muntu bushobora gukura no kwigishwa.
Ku muryango, ku buyobozi no ku burere bw’abana, ibi bitanga ubutumwa bukomeye, niba twifuza sosiyete irangwa no kwishyira mu mwanya w’abandi, ni inshingano ya buri wese si iy’abagore gusa.
